Explori$? ng t]he mass g] #ang ` -movement ;th *^.at originated in Bi_:`rmingham and other indus(=.t\^`:rial citi[,e[[s in ;t+-he\ _ 19t.h century a:.nd evolv:ed int)o) mod@%]ern gan/gsteris-m in the+ e;[ ar -* ly 20th.